Aesthetic-Usability Effect3 levers
A beautiful control that reads as decoration is not used
Delight / Processing level / Delight / Functional integration / Clarity / Signifier strength
Affect2 levers
Emotional state changes judgement of everything around it
Delight / Expectedness / Delight / Functional integration
Affordances and Signifiers1 lever
The perceived action possibility versus the cue that advertises it
Clarity / Signifier strength
Anchoring Bias1 lever
The first number seen sets the scale for every number after it
Informative / Reference framing
Authority / Authority Bias1 lever
Credentials are taken as a shortcut to truth
Validation / Verification level
Authority Bias1 lever
Certifications and compliance marks borrow credibility from the certifier
Trust / Data and privacy signalling
Autonomy2 levers
Control is a basic motivational need, not a preference
Control / Configurability / Control / Data portability and exit
Backfire Effect1 lever
A poorly framed explanation entrenches disagreement rather than resolving it
Control / Decision transparency
Bandwagon Effect1 lever
Adoption rises with visible adoption
Validation / Proof scale
Banner Blindness1 lever
Anything shaped like an advert is not seen at all
Clarity / Signifier strength
Barnum-Forer Effect2 levers
Surprisingly general content is read as personally specific, which is why shallow personalisation often outperforms its cost
Identity / Self alignment target / Personalisation / Adaptation depth
Cashless Effect2 levers
Cost that is abstracted or deferred is felt as smaller
Trust / Disclosure upfrontness / Clarity / Consequence preview
Centre-Stage Effect1 lever
The middle item in a row is disproportionately picked
Orientation / Action priority
Choice Overload2 levers
Beyond a point more options reduce action and satisfaction
Informative / Disclosure timing / Ease / Cognitive demand
Chronoception1 lever
Perceived duration, which granularity manipulates directly
Progress / Granularity
Chunking1 lever
Grouping raises the amount that can be held
Informative / Format density
Cognitive Dissonance2 levers
A gap between self-image and action must resolve one way or other
Identity / Self alignment target / Identity / Commitment depth
Cognitive Load4 levers
Validation after the fact forces reconstruction of intent
Informative / Disclosure timing / Momentum / Path integrity / Ease / Cognitive demand / Clarity / Error prevention
Commitment and Consistency3 levers
Accepting something small predicts accepting something larger
Trust / Exchange order / Identity / Commitment depth / Progress / Starting position
Commitments1 lever
A promise made, and especially one made in public, pulls later behaviour into line with it
Identity / Commitment depth
Compensatory vs Noncompensatory Strategies1 lever
Under load, users drop to single-attribute elimination rather than weighing trade-offs
Ease / Cognitive demand
Contrast Effect1 lever
Value is judged relative to what sits beside it, not absolutely
Informative / Reference framing
Curiosity Gap3 levers
Deliberately weak scent buys a click and spends trust
Momentum / Forward pull / Orientation / Information scent / Delight / Longevity
Curse of Knowledge3 levers
The author cannot un-know what the reader does not know
Informative / Explanation depth / Informative / Knowledge assumption / Clarity / Action label specificity
Deceptive Patterns2 levers
The named failure mode at the passive pole
Trust / Disclosure upfrontness / Clarity / Consequence preview
Decision Fatigue3 levers
Every incidental decision spends a finite budget
Informative / Disclosure timing / Momentum / Path integrity / Ease / Cognitive demand
Decision Sludge1 lever
Friction that serves the organisation rather than the user
Ease / Interaction cost
Decoy Effect1 lever
A third, deliberately inferior option changes which of the other two wins
Informative / Reference framing
Default Bias4 levers
An inferred default is accepted far more often than a stated preference is set
Momentum / Path integrity / Orientation / Context persistence / Personalisation / Inference source / Control / Configurability
Defaults / Default Bias1 lever
Most people never change a default
Ease / Cognitive demand
Doherty Threshold3 levers
Consistent sub-400ms response reads as competence, not just speed
Trust / Behavioural consistency / Ease / Interaction cost / Validation / System validation
Dunning-Kruger Effect1 lever
Novices misjudge their own competence, so self-selected depth fails
Informative / Knowledge assumption
Ego4 levers
People act in ways that support a good self-image
Identity / Self alignment target / Identity / Identity continuity / Personalisation / Adaptation depth / Delight / Processing level
ELIZA Effect1 lever
People over-attribute understanding to systems that appear to reason
Control / Decision transparency
Endowed Progress Effect1 lever
Artificial initial progress substantially raises completion
Progress / Starting position
Endowment Effect6 levers
Value already received is owned, and walking away becomes a loss
Trust / Risk reversal / Trust / Exchange order / Identity / Identity continuity / Orientation / Context persistence / Personalisation / Adaptation depth / Control / Data portability and exit
Expectations Bias2 levers
A set expectation shapes how the actual experience is perceived
Trust / Behavioural consistency / Delight / Expectedness
Familiarity Bias2 levers
Some things should habituate, and novelty in a core path is a cost
Personalisation / Adaptation depth / Delight / Longevity
Feedback Loop3 levers
Action without response reads as failure
Validation / System validation / Delight / Functional integration / Progress / Progress visibility
Feedforward1 lever
Showing what an action will do before it is taken
Clarity / Consequence preview
Filter Bubble1 lever
Narrowing to inferred preference removes the discovery that made the product valuable
Personalisation / Adaptation depth
Fitts's Law1 lever
Acquisition time depends on target size and distance
Ease / Interaction cost
Flow1 lever
The absorbed state these principles combine to produce: challenge matched to skill, uninterrupted, with immediate feedback. An outcome rather than a dial, kept here because it name
Momentum / Path integrity
Framing Effect4 levers
Gain-framed and loss-framed statements of the same fact are not equivalent
Trust / Disclosure upfrontness / Informative / Reference framing / Clarity / Action label specificity / Clarity / Consequence preview
Fresh Start Effect1 lever
A temporal landmark restarts motivation
Momentum / Forward pull
Goal Gradient Effect5 levers
Effort rises as the goal nears, so late friction costs most
Momentum / Path integrity / Momentum / Forward pull / Progress / Progress visibility / Progress / Starting position / Progress / Granularity
Group Attractiveness Effect2 levers
A group is rated above the average of its members
Validation / Source similarity / Identity / Group signal breadth
Halo Effect2 levers
A known certifier's reputation transfers to the claim
Validation / Verification level / Identity / Self alignment target
Hedonic Adaptation1 lever
Response to a fixed stimulus decays to baseline
Delight / Longevity
Hick's Law1 lever
Decision time rises with the number and complexity of choices
Ease / Cognitive demand
Hyperbolic Discounting2 levers
A near, small reward beats a distant, large one
Momentum / Urgency basis / Progress / Reward cadence
IKEA Effect3 levers
A configured environment is valued above an equivalent given one
Identity / Commitment depth / Identity / Identity continuity / Control / Configurability
In-group Bias1 lever
Membership itself changes evaluation
Identity / Group signal breadth
Incentives1 lever
People respond to rewards in predictable but non-linear ways, and a small reward given now outweighs a larger one given later
Progress / Reward cadence
Information Foraging1 lever
Users abandon a patch when scent weakens, not when content runs out
Orientation / Information scent
Information Scent3 levers
Users judge a link by how strongly it smells of the goal
Informative / Disclosure timing / Orientation / Information scent / Clarity / Action label specificity
Interaction Cost1 lever
The sum of physical and mental effort to reach a goal
Ease / Interaction cost
Jakob's Law3 levers
People expect your product to work like the others they already use
Trust / Behavioural consistency / Informative / Knowledge assumption / Clarity / Signifier strength
Labor Illusion4 levers
Showing the inference working makes it feel earned rather than taken
Trust / Exchange order / Informative / Explanation depth / Personalisation / Inference source / Control / Decision transparency
Law of Common Region2 levers
A shared boundary groups more strongly than proximity
Informative / Format density / Orientation / Location signal
Law of Proximity1 lever
Nearness implies relationship
Informative / Format density
Law of Prägnanz2 levers
The simplest reading of the hierarchy is the one taken
Informative / Format density / Orientation / Action priority
Law of Similarity1 lever
Shared appearance implies shared kind
Informative / Format density
Liking1 lever
Similarity produces liking, and liking produces compliance
Validation / Source similarity
Loss Aversion7 levers
A loss is felt roughly twice as strongly as an equivalent gain, so removing a downside beats adding an upside
Trust / Risk reversal / Trust / Exchange order / Momentum / Urgency basis / Ease / Error recovery / Control / Reversibility / Control / Data portability and exit / Clarity / Consequence preview
Mental Model5 levers
The user's map of the system, which the signal either confirms or breaks
Trust / Behavioural consistency / Informative / Knowledge assumption / Orientation / Location signal / Orientation / Information scent / Clarity / Signifier strength
Messenger2 levers
Who says it changes whether it lands
Validation / Source similarity / Validation / Verification level
Miller's Law2 levers
Working memory holds about seven items, fewer under pressure
Informative / Disclosure timing / Ease / Memory load
Negativity Bias5 levers
One uncomfortable inference outweighs many accurate ones
Trust / Data and privacy signalling / Ease / Error recovery / Personalisation / Inference source / Control / Reversibility / Clarity / Error prevention
Noble Edge Effect1 lever
Demonstrated social responsibility raises credibility generally
Validation / Verification level
Norms2 levers
Stating what most people do changes what people do
Validation / Proof scale / Identity / Group signal breadth
Paradox of the Active User3 levers
People will not read the explanation, however good it is
Informative / Knowledge assumption / Ease / Expertise accommodation / Control / Configurability
Peak-End Rule4 levers
Confirmation is often the end the whole task is remembered by
Ease / Error recovery / Validation / System validation / Delight / Expectedness / Progress / Reward cadence
Picture Superiority Effect1 lever
Images are remembered far better than text
Informative / Explanation depth
Postel's Law4 levers
Accept varied input, behave predictably in output
Trust / Behavioural consistency / Ease / Error recovery / Control / Reversibility / Clarity / Error prevention
Power Law of Learning1 lever
Task time falls predictably with practice, and a fixed path caps it
Ease / Expertise accommodation
Priming1 lever
The label sets expectation for what follows
Clarity / Action label specificity
Privacy Paradox1 lever
Stated concern and actual behaviour diverge, so signalling matters more than the setting itself
Trust / Data and privacy signalling
Pseudo-Set Framing1 lever
Arbitrary items grouped into a set create a drive to complete the set
Progress / Granularity
Reactance10 levers
A gift with a visible hook attached reads as a transaction, and the obligation inverts into resistance
Trust / Risk reversal / Trust / Exchange order / Momentum / Urgency basis / Ease / Error recovery / Identity / Commitment depth / Personalisation / Inference source / Control / Configurability / Control / Reversibility / Control / Decision transparency / Control / Data portability and exit
Reciprocity1 lever
Receiving something creates an obligation to give back, and the obligation is felt even when the gift was unrequested
Trust / Exchange order
Recognition Over Recall2 levers
Shortcuts that must be recalled are used by almost nobody
Ease / Memory load / Ease / Expertise accommodation
Response Time Limits1 lever
0.1s feels instant, 1s holds flow, 10s loses attention
Validation / System validation
Salience4 levers
A privacy commitment nobody sees does no work
Trust / Data and privacy signalling / Momentum / Urgency basis / Orientation / Action priority / Progress / Progress visibility
Satisficing1 lever
Users take the first adequate option, not the best one
Ease / Cognitive demand
Scarcity1 lever
Limited availability raises perceived value
Momentum / Urgency basis
Selective Attention3 levers
Users see what they are looking for and little else
Momentum / Path integrity / Orientation / Action priority / Clarity / Error prevention
Sensory Appeal1 lever
Texture, sound, weight and motion are processed before any of it is read, and they set the emotional tone the rest of the page is judged against
Delight / Processing level
Serial Position Effect3 levers
First and last items are recalled, the middle is not
Informative / Format density / Ease / Memory load / Orientation / Location signal
Shaping1 lever
Reinforcing successive approximations rather than only the finished behaviour
Progress / Reward cadence
Singularity Effect1 lever
One identified individual moves people more than a statistic, so scale can be the weaker pole
Validation / Proof scale
Social Proof2 levers
Proof from similar others is materially stronger than proof from dissimilar ones
Validation / Source similarity / Validation / Proof scale
Spacing Effect2 levers
Repeated exposure over time is what builds the skill
Ease / Expertise accommodation / Delight / Longevity
Spatial Memory3 levers
People remember where things were, so stable position is a memory aid
Ease / Memory load / Orientation / Location signal / Orientation / Context persistence
Spotlight Effect1 lever
People overestimate how much others notice their choices
Identity / Group signal breadth
Status Quo Bias1 lever
Doing nothing is the safe default the page is arguing against
Trust / Risk reversal
Storytelling Effect2 levers
Narrative is retained where facts are not
Informative / Explanation depth / Delight / Processing level
Sunk Cost Effect4 levers
Late disclosure works commercially precisely because investment already made keeps people in
Trust / Disclosure upfrontness / Identity / Identity continuity / Control / Data portability and exit / Progress / Starting position
Tesler's Law3 levers
Complexity is conserved, so hiding it moves it rather than removing it
Informative / Disclosure timing / Ease / Interaction cost / Clarity / Error prevention
Three Levels of Emotional Processing1 lever
Visceral, behavioural and reflective, and only the third is retold to other people
Delight / Processing level
Trust and Credibility2 levers
The accumulated judgement this lever feeds
Trust / Disclosure upfrontness / Control / Decision transparency
Unit Bias2 levers
A defined unit is taken as the right amount to complete
Validation / Proof scale / Progress / Granularity
Unity3 levers
Shared identity is stronger still than similarity
Validation / Source similarity / Identity / Group signal breadth / Identity / Identity continuity
User Delight Pillars1 lever
Delight that resolves a real friction outlasts delight that decorates
Delight / Functional integration
Variable Reward4 levers
An unpredictable schedule sustains behaviour longer than a fixed one
Momentum / Forward pull / Delight / Expectedness / Delight / Longevity / Progress / Reward cadence
Von Restorff Effect2 levers
The item that differs is the item remembered and chosen
Orientation / Action priority / Delight / Expectedness
Weber's Law2 levers
A change must exceed a proportional threshold before it is noticed, which is what makes a coarse bar feel stuck
Informative / Reference framing / Progress / Granularity
Working Memory3 levers
Anything the user must hold between screens is at risk
Momentum / Path integrity / Ease / Memory load / Orientation / Context persistence
Zeigarnik Effect4 levers
An interrupted task is still live in the user's head
Momentum / Forward pull / Validation / System validation / Orientation / Context persistence / Progress / Progress visibility
Zero Risk Bias2 levers
People over-prefer eliminating a small risk entirely over reducing a larger one, which is why "cancel anytime" outperforms a partial guarantee
Trust / Risk reversal / Control / Reversibility